Writing and reading fiction behind the lines: Creative learning on the home front

The purpose of this paper is to investigate writing and reading that would engage postsecondary students under crisis conditions in which face-to-face peer and teachers' support might not be available. In this project, I am looking at how students can use writing and reading fiction to understand their own experiences in being locked down during the COVID-19 pandemic. Starting with a one-paragraph short story to a fully developed narrative with plot, characterization, theme, and narrative voice, writing assignments lead to a growing realization of how reflection and writing emerge from the body, the mind, and the imagination. Reading a novel, Deafening (2003), by Frances Itani, shows students how a writer links battle scenes from World War I to the flu epidemic on the home front. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.

Tele dentistry-Its Practical Applicability, Hurdles and Future Prospects

Teledentistry is an amalgamation of dentistry and telecommunication where the clinical information is exchanged between the patient/ caregiver with the dentist from a remote distance. The role of teledentistry came into spotlight in the pandemic Covid 19 era. This proved to be the safest method to provide health care assistance in preventing the disease transmission was cost effective and also formed a bridge between the rural and urban communities. It also helps in telediagnosis and formulation of treatment in dental emergenices. Teledentistry has improved a lot in the recent times due to advent of smart phones, widespread internet connectivity and video conferencing applications. Teledentistry could provide hassle free consultations as well the patient history can be stored in the data base for a longer period of time. This review highlights the origin, its applications, drawbacks and its role in the covid 19 and lock down phase.

Energy Demand Trends during COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 pandemic lock-downs have led to the biggest fall in energy demand in over 70 years while also having an immense effect on the current energy mix. This study overviews the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the UK energy demand by analysing the associated electricity generation mix before and during COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis uses open-access data that is publicly available on the Official Carbon Intensity API for Great Britain. The scope of this paper is two-fold: first, to provide an overview of the lock-down measures in electricity demand and generation across the world, and second to identify the impact of lock-down restrictions on the British energy generation mix. It can be seen from the results that electricity generation by fossil fuels and renewable energy sources has shown opposite trends while the share of the later increased significantly during the lockdown period.

Tracking changes in atmospheric particulate matter at a semi-urban site in Central France over the past decade.

Nearly 10-year (2013-2022) data on atmospheric particulate matters (PMs) were collected to investigate the air quality in a suburban site of Orléans city (France). The PM10 concentration decreased slightly between 2013 and 2022. PMs concentrations showed a monthly variation with higher concentration in cold periods. PM10 presented a clear bimodal diurnal variation peaking at morning rush hour and midnight, whereas the fine PMs such as PM2.5 and PM1.0 only had significant peaks during nighttime. Further, PM10 had more pronounced week-end effect than other fine PMs. COVID-19 lockdown impact on PMs levels was further investigated, showing that the lockdown during cold season could result in an increase of PMs concentrations because of the enhanced household heating. We concluded that PM10 could originate from biomass burning and fossil fuel related activities, air parcels from the western Europe through Paris were also important source of PM10 in the investigated area. Fine PMs, such as PM2.5 and PM1.0, originated mainly from biomass burning in addition to secondary formation at the local scale. This study provides a long-term PMs measurement database to explore the sources and characterization of PMs in central France, which could support future regulation and formulation of air quality standards.

COVID-19 infection control measures - cross-pressure between the right to work and the right to health - a norwegian case study of service provision to persons with cognitive disabilities

Work participation and work facilitation represent basic human rights for everyone. Work represents an important platform for welfare and well-being, but compared to the general workforce in Norway, persons with cognitive disabilities are severely under-represented. When workplaces locked down under the first COVID-19 outbreak spring 2020, some people were made redundant whilst many continued their work from home. The lockdown affected persons with cognitive disabilities through lockdown of workplaces, vocational training centres and even day activity centres. The scheme of working from home was not as obvious or facilitated for this group, as for other employees. When also visits were banned and common areas for socialisation were locked down, the consequences of these lock-downs were exacerbated. In this chapter we have examined and discussed the COVID-19 restrictions in Norway and how they affected the basic human rights of persons with cognitive disabilities, and also how such rights can be promoted through legislation, governance and service provision. © 2023 Aina A. Kane and Line Melbøe. All rights reserved.

A Perspective on the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Basic Science Research and its Future Implications

COVID-19 has emerged as a devastating pandemic of the century that the current genera-tions have ever experienced. The COVID-19 pandemic has infected more than 12 million people around the globe, and 0.5 million people have succumbed to death. Due to the lack of effective vaccines against the COVID-19, several nations throughout the globe have imposed a lock-down as a preventive measure to lower the spread of COVID-19 infection. As a result of lock-down, most of the universities and research institutes have witnessed a long pause in basic science research ever. Much has been discussed about the long-term impact of COVID-19 on the economy, tourism, public health, small and large-scale businesses of several kinds. However, the long-term effects of the shut-down of these research labs and their impact on basic science research has not been much focused. Herein, we provide a perspective that portrays a common problem of all the basic science researchers throughout the globe and its long-term consequences.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.

Lockdown life - experiences of partners of individuals with an acquired brain injury during the covid-19 pandemic: A qualitative study

Objectives: The present study sought to investigate the experience of individuals living with their partner with an acquired brain injury (ABI) during the first lock down period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven partners of individuals who had sustained a range of ABIs. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis was carried out by two of the researchers exploring the unique narratives. Results: ABI occurs within a relational framework, which means that it has repercussions not only for the individual but also the entire family system. COVID-19 prevented family systems (living separately) from coming together which negatively impacted them;however, it also slowed life down, with many people working from home with flexible arrangements in place which participants found to be beneficial. Three main themes emerged from the interview data: partner focus, slowing down and support networks. The narratives identified the struggles of having to continue their partner's rehabilitation when face to face services could not visit the home, the importance of establishing routine, the positives of a slower paced life (due to COVID-19) that enabled them to build stronger relationships with their partners, and the difficulties of being separated from family and loved ones. Conclusion: This research suggests that it is imperative to consider individual experiences and choices. Some families benefited from reduced treatment and a slowed pace of life, whilst others may find this overwhelming and burdensome. The study makes recommendations for supporting couples after an ABI during the ongoing pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, serological study in France in non-confined and confined employees

Objectives: Retrospectively assess the rate of employees, confined (teleworking) and not confined, infected with SARS-CoV-2 from the end of April 2020 to July 2020, after the 1st lockdown (April to May 2020). Method: A serological test for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, IgG and IgM, with a questionnaire on the symptoms was proposed to 2100 employees of the same company. Results: Among the 786 included employees, serology was positive for: 4.05% in the unconfined, and 6.72%, in the confined (P = NS). Symptoms were present for 86.4% of positives, with no significant difference between confined and non-confined. Among asymptomatic, 1.7% were positives. No symptoms were significantly different between the 2 groups apart from anosmia-ageusia significantly more often observed in the confined group. Symptoms significantly associated with positive serology were anosmia-ageusia, fever-fever sensation -chill, body aches, fatigue and/or malaise, influenza-like illness and respiratory symptoms. This low rate of contamination may be the result of reinforced prevention measures put in place for employees from the end of January 2020, and the regular information meetings with the Occupational Health Doctor about prevention of the risk of contamination in the company. Conclusions: The rate of employees who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 from the end of April 2020 to July 2020 was half the rate reported in the population of Ile de France at the same period, without difference between employees who continued their activity face-to-face compared to those who had been in confinement. © 2023 Objectifs: Évaluer rétrospectivement le taux de salariés, confinés (en télétravail) et non confinés, infectés par le SARS-CoV-2 après le 1er confinement (avril à mai 2020). Méthode: Un dépistage sérologique des anticorps anti-SARS-CoV-2, IgG et IgM, et un questionnaire sur leurs symptômes a été proposé aux 2090 salariés d'une même entreprise. Résultats: La sérologie était positive pour 5,6 % des 786 salariés inclus entre fin avril et juillet 2020: 4,05 % chez les non confinés, et 6,72 %, chez les confinés (p = NS). Parmi les positifs, 86,4 % avaient présenté des symptômes, sans différence significative entre confinés et non confinés. Enfin, 1,7 % des asymptomatiques étaient positifs. Les symptômes n'étaient pas significativement différents entre les 2 groupes sauf pour l'anosmie-agueusie significativement plus fréquente dans le groupe des confinés. Les symptômes significativement associés à une sérologie positive étaient l'anosmie-agueusie, la fièvre-sensation de fièvre-frissons, les courbatures, la fatigue malaise, un syndrome grippal et des symptômes respiratoires. Ce faible taux de contamination peut être le résultat des mesures de prévention renforcées mises en place pour les salariés dès fin janvier 2020 par le médecin du travail pour limiter le risque de contamination au sein des locaux. Conclusion: La prévalence du SARS-CoV-2 dans l'entreprise de fin avril à juillet 2020 était inférieure de moitié au taux rapporté dans la population d'Ile de France à la même période sans différence entre les salariés ayant poursuivi leur activité en présentiel par rapport aux confinés. © 2023

Nature visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway: Facilitators, motives, and associations with sociodemographic characteristics.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has been linked to increased mental health issues and reduced well-being. Researchers also reports increased frequency of nature visits during the pandemic, proposing it may mitigate some of these negative consequences. Using the case of Norway, a country with ample access to nature and relatively low levels of pandemic-related restrictions, this study sought to (i) understand how the COVID-19 crisis impacted patterns of nature visits and specific nature-based activities, (ii) examine how these patterns varied among different population groups and levels of restrictions, and (iii) explore the motives and facilitators for increased frequency of nature visits. Methods: The data were retrieved from a national cross-sectional survey conducted in June 2021, which was designed to assess participants (n = 1,005, age > 15 years) habits in relation to nature visits and outdoor recreation since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, and associated factors. Results: The results showed that 32 % of participants increased their frequency of nature visits during the crisis, while 11 % experienced a decrease. Multivariate logistic regression revealed significant positive associations between increased frequency of nature visits and longer duration of lockdown restrictions (OR [95% CI] = 2.35 [1.28-4.29] and 4.92 [2.77-8.74] for a few weeks and several months of lockdown, respectively). Increased frequency of nature visits was also more likely among women, younger respondents, and individuals from high-income households. A Cochran's Q test showed that the most common motive for increased frequency of nature visits was "To be physically active" (74%). The most commonly reported facilitators were the possibility of using natural environments as an alternative to gyms and organized sports alongside having more time available (58 and 49%, respectively). Conclusion: These findings suggest that nature visits provided important opportunities for physical activity during the COVID-19 crisis, but also that the mental health benefits of nature visits during such times may be under-communicated. This highlights the importance of access to natural environments to promote physical activity and health, but also suggests that campaigns that specifically communicate the beneficial effects of nature visits during lockdowns or similar stressful situations might help people cope with the situation.

The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the UK construction industry and the process of future-proofing business

Purpose: COVID-19 was officially declared as a worldwide pandemic by the World Health Organisation on 11th March 2020, before the UK was put into lockdown on the 23rd March 2020. Organisations had to reconsider their policies and procedures to allow their businesses to continue. This paper aims to focus on the effects of COVID-19 that the UK construction sector has had to undertake to enable businesses while employees had to adhere to COVID-19 lockdown rules. In addition, how the sector can positively continue once normality has returned within the industry. In doing so, this paper understands the historical issues within the construction sector and has had an effect during COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative research methodology approach was taken to help obtain live information. In total, 19 semi-structured interviews from 15 organisations related to the construction sector were conducted to collect data. This information was evaluated using thematic analysis to arrive at the results, inferences and recommendations to the sector. Findings: This research has revealed that companies have had to adopt a three-stage process to overcome a new dimensional challenge of COVID-19. These include: 1. Making quick decisions during the first stage of the pandemic. 2. Producing new policies and procedures to restart businesses enabling staff to return to the workplace safely. 3. Implementing methods to future-proof organisations against any potential pandemics. To help organisations future-proof their business five C's are recommended. Originality/value: This paper provides a rich insight into the understanding and awareness of the effects of COVID-19 and the changes that the construction sector has had to undertake to adhere to the lockdown rules while remaining productive. This research contributes towards informing policymakers on some of the lessons learned during the management of the COVID-19 pandemic from a construction sector perspective. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Effects of Covid-19 Lockdown: A Perception Survey

The purpose of the study is to examine the perceptions of people on the effect of lockdown and outbreak of COVID-19 in the National Capital Region (NCR) area of India. In this survey, the two cities of the NCR area, i.e., Delhi and Guru gram are selected for the collection of primary data. The primary data have been collected through the questionnaire. A total of 204 respondents have answered the pre-framed questionnaire. Five-point Likert Scales have been used to judge the degree of agreement with the statements. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze the data. The findings suggest that people pay more attention to personal hygiene during the pandemic time and they feel that working from home is a challenge in India due to bandwidth and technological issues. Job security is a big concern in front of people due to lockdown. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Prévalence du SARS-CoV-2, étude sérologique en France chez des salariés non confinés et confinés

Objectives: Retrospectively assess the rate of employees, confined (teleworking) and not confined, infected with SARS-CoV-2 from the end of April 2020 to July 2020, after the 1st lockdown (April to May 2020). Method: A serological test for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, IgG and IgM, with a questionnaire on the symptoms was proposed to 2100 employees of the same company. Results: Among the 786 included employees, serology was positive for: 4.05% in the unconfined, and 6.72%, in the confined (p=NS). Symptoms were present for 86.4% of positives, with no significant difference between confined and non-confined. Among asymptomatic, 1.7% were positives. No symptoms were significantly different between the 2 groups apart from anosmia-ageusia significantly more often observed in the confined group. Symptoms significantly associated with positive serology were anosmia-ageusia, fever-fever sensation -chill, body aches, fatigue and/or malaise, influenza-like illness and respiratory symptoms. This low rate of contamination may be the result of reinforced prevention measures put in place for employees from the end of January 2020, and the regular information meetings with the Occupational Health Doctor about prevention of the risk of contamination in the company. Conclusions: The rate of employees who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 from the end of April 2020 to July 2020 was half the rate reported in the population of Ile de France at the same period, without difference between employees who continued their activity face-to-face compared to those who had been in confinement. Resumen Objectifs: Evaluer rétrospectivement le taux de salariés, confinés (en télétravail) et non confinés, infectés par le SARS-CoV-2 après le 1er confinement (Avril à Mai 2020). Méthode: Un dépistage sérologique des anticorps anti-SARS-CoV-2, IgG et IgM, et un questionnaire sur leurs symptômes a été proposé aux 2090 salariés d'une même entreprise. Résultats: La sérologie était positive pour 5,6% des 786 salariés inclus entre fin avril et juillet 2020 : 4,05% chez les non confinés, et 6,72%, chez les confinés (p=NS). Parmi les positifs, 86,4% avaient présenté des symptômes, sans différence significative entre confinés et non confinés. Enfin, 1.7% des asymptomatiques étaient positifs. Les symptômes n'étaient pas significativement différents entre les 2 groupes sauf pour l'anosmie-agueusie significativement plus fréquente dans le groupe des confinés. Les symptômes significativement associés à une sérologie positive étaient l'anosmie-agueusie, la fièvre-sensation de fièvre-frissons, les courbatures, la fatigue malaise, un syndrome grippal et des symptômes respiratoires. Ce faible taux de contamination peut être le résultat des mesures de prévention renforcées mises en place pour les salariés dès fin janvier 2020 par le Médecin du Travail pour limiter le risque de contamination au sein des locaux. Conclusion: La prévalence du SARS-CoV-2 dans l'entreprise de fin avril à juillet 2020 était inférieure de moitié au taux rapporté dans la population d'Ile de France à la même période sans différence entre les salariés ayant poursuivi leur activité en présentiel par rapport aux confinés.

The Positive Impact of Lockdown on University Electricity and Water Consumption

This research paper has shed light on the adverse effects of the covid-19 pandemic on our environment, which led us to lockdown at home and work or study remotely. Thus, American University of Ras-al-Khaimah was also closed, forcing all students to attend classes online. As a result of the online study model, the university environment has gradually changed. In actuality, this has impacted the environment significantly. Waste production has been drastically reduced, and electricity and water usage have been reduced significantly. Therefore, this paper focuses on electricity and water consumption, where a comparison study was conducted between electricity consumption in KWHs and water consumption in gallons before and after the pandemic. Furthermore, the fact that there are fewer faculty members and fewer students on campus will reflect a reduction in the amount of waste produced on campus. According to the study, the online study model of education uses less electricity and water, protecting the environment, so it is recommended that it be adopted in the future © 2022 IEEE.

The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the UK construction industry and the process of future-proofing business

Purpose>COVID-19 was officially declared as a worldwide pandemic by the World Health Organisation on 11th March 2020, before the UK was put into lockdown on the 23rd March 2020. Organisations had to reconsider their policies and procedures to allow their businesses to continue. This paper aims to focus on the effects of COVID-19 that the UK construction sector has had to undertake to enable businesses while employees had to adhere to COVID-19 lockdown rules. In addition, how the sector can positively continue once normality has returned within the industry. In doing so, this paper understands the historical issues within the construction sector and has had an effect during COVID-19.Design/methodology/approach>A qualitative research methodology approach was taken to help obtain live information. In total, 19 semi-structured interviews from 15 organisations related to the construction sector were conducted to collect data. This information was evaluated using thematic analysis to arrive at the results, inferences and recommendations to the sector.Findings>This research has revealed that companies have had to adopt a three-stage process to overcome a new dimensional challenge of COVID-19. These include: 1. Making quick decisions during the first stage of the pandemic. 2. Producing new policies and procedures to restart businesses enabling staff to return to the workplace safely. 3. Implementing methods to future-proof organisations against any potential pandemics. To help organisations future-proof their business five C's are recommended.Originality/value>This paper provides a rich insight into the understanding and awareness of the effects of COVID-19 and the changes that the construction sector has had to undertake to adhere to the lockdown rules while remaining productive. This research contributes towards informing policymakers on some of the lessons learned during the management of the COVID-19 pandemic from a construction sector perspective.

Energy Demand Trends during COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 pandemic lock-downs have led to the biggest fall in energy demand in over 70 years while also having an immense effect on the current energy mix. This study overviews the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the UK energy demand by analysing the associated electricity generation mix before and during COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis uses open-access data that is publicly available on the Official Carbon Intensity API for Great Britain. The scope of this paper is two-fold: first, to provide an overview of the lock-down measures in electricity demand and generation across the world, and second to identify the impact of lock-down restrictions on the British energy generation mix. It can be seen from the results that electricity generation by fossil fuels and renewable energy sources has shown opposite trends while the share of the later increased significantly during the lockdown period. © 2022 EUROSIS-ETI.

Inside Zambia's 'new normal:' COVID-19 policy responses and implications for peri-urban food security and livelihoods.

This paper explores COVID-19 policy responses and experiences of their impact on food systems and livelihoods, and other factors shaping vulnerability among peri-urban small-scale farmers in Zambia. We draw on household surveys and case studies, multi-level interviews and group discussions to make sense of 'new normal' policy (in)action and its (in) effectiveness in shaping peri-urban production, market linkages and livelihoods during the pandemic. Results show COVID-19 policy responses affected peri-urban production supply and demand for food and inputs. The 'new normal' policy responses aimed at striking a balance between health concerns and economic development as a pathway to recovery have not been followed by systematic peri-urban agriculture support, leading to failure to stimulate production and drive urban market linkages, including supermarkets. Findings bring nuance to fragilities in national food systems and the need for long-term and transformative interventions that can strengthen peri-urban agriculture and livelihoods beyond the pandemic.

Indirect Virus Transmission via Fomites Can Counteract Lock-Down Effectiveness.

The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised major health policy questions. Direct transmission via respiratory droplets seems to be the dominant route of its transmission. However, indirect transmission via shared contact of contaminated objects may also occur. The contribution of each transmission route to epidemic spread might change during lock-down scenarios. Here, we simulate viral spread of an abstract epidemic considering both routes of transmission by use of a stochastic, agent-based SEIR model. We show that efficient contact tracing (CT) at a high level of incidence can stabilize daily cases independently of the transmission route long before effects of herd immunity become relevant. CT efficacy depends on the fraction of cases that do not show symptoms. Combining CT with lock-down scenarios that reduce agent mobility lowers the incidence for exclusive direct transmission scenarios and can even eradicate the epidemic. However, even for small fractions of indirect transmission, such lockdowns can impede CT efficacy and increase case numbers. These counterproductive effects can be reduced by applying measures that favor distancing over reduced mobility. In summary, we show that the efficacy of lock-downs depends on the transmission route. Our results point to the particular importance of hygiene measures during mobility lock-downs.

Lived and perceived space during lock-down in a sensitive map approach

The first lock-down in France due to the Covid-19 pandemic happened during spring 2020. It meant restrictions for everyone regarding reachable space and possible time length outside home. The seminar of sensitive mapping taking place in Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales (EHESS) went online and proposed an exercise to investigate the consequences of these statutory restrictions on individual lived and perceived space. The defined protocol of the exercise was based on the framework of the sensitive map approach. This approach adapts the principles of conventional cartography so that to favour personal information selection and design. Each participant of the seminar had the task to map their space. Displayed information should concern meaningful elements from their spatial environment. Other targeted information was sensitive information including emotions, feelings, and opinions as well as perceived elements from the five senses. The resulted map corpus offers diverse mapping creations. Each map contains several graphic items. Items are mainly cartographical displays enriched with non-cartographical drawings, pictures, photos, records, charts. Techniques were mixed: pen, fabrics, computer-based. The themes of displayed elements are about spatially-stable features like the dwelling, buildings remained open, green spaces, and about ephemeral and sensitive information like social interactions, people, perceived sounds, smells and feelings about the lock-down situation and the pandemic. Some maps have used or were inspired by topographic maps. Though in most maps, distances and topology are subjective. Sensitive mapping appeared as an interesting approach to collect individual testimonies and might be complementary to statistical studies.

The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic Lockdown Measures on Restaurants in Durban, South Africa

Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, Durban's restaurant industry contributed substantially to South Africa’s tourism economy, by catering for the various eating preferences of domestic and international tourists. Journalists reported the negative impact lockdown measures have had on restaurants in South Africa. This micro qualitative study is located in an upper-class suburb (Umhlanga) which is renowned for their variety of restaurants and cuisines available. The analysis of 15 in-depth interviews illustrates the economic impact of the lockdown regulations on restaurant employers and employees from March 2020 to July 2021. Data revealed that lockdown regulations such as the alcohol bans and the social distancing protocols were deterring factors for citizens not to dine out. The national curfew legislation during this year was also influential, but when curfews were eradicated, restaurant patronage remained at a minimal. The temporary and intermittent closure of restaurants and the alteration of dinein meals being sold as takeaway meals negatively impacted the revenue and profits of these businesses. Therefore, even well-established local restaurants and international franchises experienced substantial financial losses which resulted in many job losses and permanent closures. This micro study compliments and contributes to other studies on restaurants in KwaZulu-Natal and South Africa. © 2022 AJHTL /Author(s)

Business diplomacy and justification: new postpandemic 'Rules of the Game'

The pandemic disrupted normal life worldwide in 2020-21 and created room for the recreation of society as a 'moral community'. History shows that moral norms and power structures that are developed during social crises impact the future 'rules of the game' for transnational businesses. During the pandemic, many governments made health their top priority and imposed restrictions that harmed some business interests. By doing so, they demonstrated both a willingness and an ability to prioritise other goals than economic growth, and post-pandemic this may lead to prioritising other of the UN SDGs. This study contributes to the existing literature with the suggestion that firms will be motivated to engage in diplomacy when economy is not the sole priority for governments and governments have demonstrated the strength and willingness to impose restrictions on business. In short, the incentives come from the acknowledgment of societies' need to balance and mediate between different priorities and actors from different spheres with different interests. Benevolence seems to be increasingly important for trust in businesses and for justification. © 2022 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.